You’re hosting a summer gathering, heading out camping, or simply tired of running to the store for ice. A portable ice maker transforms any space into an instant ice production center, delivering fresh cubes in minutes without the need for a freezer or complicated installation. Whether you need soft nugget ice for smoothies, bullet-shaped cubes for cocktails, or emergency supplies for an RV trip, the right portable ice machine makes all the difference. This guide walks you through five standout options that balance speed, portability, and quality to help you find your ideal match.

We’ve evaluated leading brands including Silonn, Crzoe, EUHOMY, and SenCre to identify machines that deliver reliable performance without sacrificing convenience. Whether you prioritize lightning-fast production, whisper-quiet operation, or compact dimensions, our selections span different needs and budgets. Let’s dive into the details that matter most when choosing a countertop ice maker.

1
Best Seller

EUHOMY Portable Countertop Ice Maker, 26.5lbs/Day, 6-Min Bullet Ice, Auto-Clean

EUHOMY
9.6 /10
AI Score
AI score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the AI tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Exceptionally fast ice production at 6 minutes per batch, ideal for entertaining or daily use
  • Quiet operation under 45dB makes it suitable for kitchens, offices, and living spaces without noise disruption
  • Truly portable design with carry handle and compact footprint fits any countertop or vehicle
  • Auto-cleaning feature saves time and hassle compared to manual ice maker maintenance
  • Smooth bullet ice won't damage teeth or lips and works perfectly in mixed drinks

Cons

  • 1.3-pound ice basket capacity means frequent emptying during high-demand situations
  • 6-minute cycle requires consistent water refills to maintain maximum daily production of 26.5 pounds
  • Bullet ice shape may not suit all drink preferences compared to standard cube or nugget options
Detailed Review

The EUHOMY countertop ice maker is a compact, portable solution for home kitchens, offices, RVs, and camping adventures. It's designed for anyone who wants fresh ice on demand without the space requirements or installation costs of traditional built-in units. The machine produces bullet-shaped ice, which has become increasingly popular for its smooth texture and superior drink compatibility.

Performance is this machine's strongest asset. It generates 9 ice cubes every 6 minutes and can produce up to 26.5 pounds daily, making it suitable for small families, regular entertaining, or office break rooms. The 1.2-liter water tank and powerful compressor work efficiently, while the noise level stays impressively low at under 45 decibels, allowing quiet operation even in shared spaces. The infrared sensor technology automatically detects when the basket is full and alerts you when water needs refilling.

Design and usability are thoughtfully executed. At just 12.98 pounds with a sturdy carry handle, this ice maker moves easily between locations. The large transparent window lets you watch ice production in real-time, adding a satisfying visual element. The two-button operation simplifies the learning curve, and the auto-cleaning function runs automatically for 30 minutes after you press the clean button, eliminating tedious manual maintenance that plagues other portable ice makers.

The main limitation is the 1.3-pound ice basket capacity, which fills quickly during peak use and requires frequent emptying. Additionally, maintaining maximum daily production requires consistent water refills throughout the day. The bullet ice shape, while excellent for beverages, may not appeal to users who prefer traditional cube or nugget ice styles.

Overall, the EUHOMY ice maker delivers excellent value for portable ice production. Its fast cycle time, quiet operation, smart features, and genuine portability make it a standout choice for anyone seeking convenient ice-making without permanent installation or high electricity costs.

Specifications

Ice Production: 26.5 pounds per day maximum capacity

Operating Cycle: 6 minutes per batch of 9 ice cubes

Ice Type: Bullet-shaped smooth ice

Basket Capacity: 1.3 pounds

Water Tank: 1.2 liters

Dimensions: 9.25 inches length x 11.54 inches width x 11.61 inches height

Weight: 12.98 pounds

Noise Level: Under 45 decibels

Power Consumption: 4 kilowatt-hours per day, 170-watt compressor

Features: Auto-cleaning mode, infrared sensors, large see-through window, smart water and full indicators

Included Accessories: Carry handle, ice basket, ice scoop, manual, protective packaging

Warranty: 12-month after-sales service and technical support

Buyer's Guide

Who Should Buy This Ice Maker? This machine is perfect for homeowners without built-in ice dispensers, small office break rooms, RV and camping enthusiasts, and anyone hosting frequent gatherings. It's also ideal for people who enjoy cold beverages like iced coffee, smoothies, or cocktails and want fresh ice available daily without relying on store-bought bags.

Ideal Use Cases: Home kitchens and living rooms benefit from the quiet operation and compact design. RV owners and campers appreciate the portability and lack of installation requirements. Offices use it in break rooms where space is limited. Entertaining hosts value the fast 6-minute cycle for keeping up with guest demands.

Space and Installation: No plumbing or electrical outlet beyond standard power is required. The compact 9.25 x 11.54 x 11.61 inch footprint fits most countertops, shelves, or RV cabinets. The carry handle makes relocation simple, and the transparent window adds an attractive visual element to any space.

Maintenance Expectations: The auto-cleaning feature significantly reduces maintenance compared to manual ice makers. You'll need to refill the 1.2-liter water tank regularly, especially during high-production periods, and empty the 1.3-pound basket frequently when making maximum ice. Overall maintenance is minimal and straightforward.

Cost Considerations: At approximately 4 kilowatt-hours daily, electricity costs are minimal. This energy efficiency, combined with no installation fees and the lack of plumbing requirements, makes this a budget-friendly ice solution compared to built-in alternatives or continuous store-bought ice purchases.

2
Editor's Pick

Silonn Portable Countertop Ice Maker, 26 lbs/Day, 6-Min Fast Ice, Self-Cleaning

Silonn
9.5 /10
AI Score
AI score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the AI tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Exceptionally fast ice production at 6 minutes per batch, faster than most competitors
  • Compact footprint saves valuable countertop space while maintaining high daily output
  • Portable design with handle makes it ideal for camping, RVs, and events
  • Self-cleaning technology eliminates manual maintenance and ensures clean ice
  • User-friendly controls require no technical knowledge or complicated setup

Cons

  • Water tank capacity of 1.2L is relatively small and requires frequent refilling for extended use
  • Storage basket capacity of 1.32 lbs means ice must be harvested regularly to prevent overflow
  • No timed function limits scheduling flexibility for automatic ice production
Detailed Review

The Silonn countertop ice maker is a compact, portable solution for anyone needing quick ice production at home, in the office, or on the road. Designed for households of 3-5 people, this machine delivers reliable performance without requiring permanent installation or complex setup procedures.

The standout feature is undoubtedly the 6-minute ice cycle, which produces 9 bullet-shaped cubes with each batch. With a daily production capacity of 26 lbs, this machine keeps up with regular use for small to medium households. The 1.2L water tank is manageable for daily operation, though users making ice frequently will need to refill periodically.

Build quality is solid for the price point. At just 13.7 lbs, the machine is genuinely portable thanks to its sturdy carry handle, making it practical for RVs, camping trips, and outdoor entertaining. The compact 8.7 x 11.4 x 11.6 inch footprint fits easily on any countertop without dominating kitchen real estate. The included ice scoop and basket add convenient touches.

The automatic self-cleaning function is a genuine convenience feature that activates in just 30 minutes, ensuring hygienic ice production without manual scrubbing. The simple control panel with indicator lights removes guesswork from operation. The main limitation is the small storage basket, which fills quickly and requires regular harvesting.

For the price, the Silonn delivers excellent value for small households, offices, and occasional entertaining. It excels at speed and portability while maintaining respectable daily output. Best suited for users who prioritize convenience and compact design over maximum storage capacity.

Specifications

Dimensions: 8.7 x 11.4 x 11.6 inches
Weight: 13.7 lbs
Ice Type: Bullet-shaped cubes
Ice Production: 9 cubes per cycle, 26 lbs per day
Time to First Ice: 6 minutes
Water Tank Capacity: 1.2L
Ice Storage Basket: 1.32 lbs capacity
Recommended Users: 3-5 people
Self-Cleaning: Yes (30 minute cycle)
Controls: Simple 3-step operation with small and large ice size options
Indicator Lights: Water level and full basket notifications

Who Should Buy

Ideal For: Small households (3-5 people), home offices, kitchens with limited counter space, RV owners, campers, and anyone who values portability and speed over maximum ice storage.

Consider Alternatives If: You need to store large quantities of ice at once, want automatic timed ice production, or serve more than 5 people regularly. Larger models with bigger baskets may better suit high-volume entertaining.

Perfect Use Cases: Daily home use, office break rooms, poolside entertaining, camping trips, tailgating, small apartment living, and portable events where ice supply matters but storage space is limited.

3
Limited Time

Crzoe Portable Countertop Ice Maker, 26Lbs/24H, Self-Cleaning, 2 Ice Sizes

Crzoe
9.7 /10
AI Score
AI score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the AI tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Exceptional speed: produces ice in just 6-12 minutes versus hours in a freezer
  • Dual ice size options let you customize for cocktails, coffee, juice, or food preservation
  • Built-in self-cleaning mode eliminates manual maintenance and ensures food safety
  • Compact and lightweight at 11.77 pounds with integrated handle for easy portability
  • Quiet performance under 40dB allows worry-free operation in any setting

Cons

  • Water temperature must be maintained between 40-90 degrees Fahrenheit for optimal performance
  • Ice cubes may stick together if machine cycles too long or water temperature is incorrect
  • Requires proper room temperature between 50-105 degrees, limiting placement options
Detailed Review

The Crzoe countertop ice maker is a compact, portable solution for anyone who wants fresh ice on demand without relying on freezer storage. It's perfect for home kitchens, offices, dorm rooms, RVs, and entertaining spaces where convenience and speed matter. If you've ever run out of ice mid-party or waited hours for freezer ice to form, this machine solves that problem instantly.

The standout feature is raw speed: producing 8 bullet-shaped ice cubes in just 6 minutes and up to 26 pounds daily is genuinely impressive for a countertop unit. The dual ice size options are practical too, letting you choose smaller cubes for beverages like coffee and juice, or larger cubes for whiskey and food preservation. The self-cleaning function is a genuine convenience factor that keeps the machine hygienic without extra effort on your part.

Build quality is solid for the price point. The portable design measures just 8.66 x 10.39 x 11.22 inches and weighs 11.77 pounds, making it easy to move between rooms or store when not in use. The included ice scoop holder prevents losing accessories, and the efficient R600a compressor operates quietly at under 40dB, so you won't hear constant noise in the background.

There are a few operational considerations worth noting. Water temperature must stay between 40-90 degrees Fahrenheit, and room temperature should be 50-105 degrees for consistent performance. Ice cubes may stick together if the machine runs too long or water gets too cold, requiring a restart or water replacement. Keeping the unit away from direct sunlight also helps maintain optimal function.

Overall, the Crzoe ice maker delivers exceptional value for the price. It's genuinely fast, reliable, and requires minimal maintenance thanks to the self-cleaning feature. If you need convenient, on-demand ice production for home, office, or entertaining, this is a smart purchase that pays for itself in convenience.

Specifications

Dimensions: 8.66 x 10.39 x 11.22 inches

Weight: 11.77 pounds

Ice Production: 8 cubes in 6-12 minutes, up to 26 pounds per 24 hours

Ice Capacity: 1.3 pounds

Water Tank Capacity: 1.2 liters

Ice Cube Sizes: 2 options (small and large)

Compressor: R600a efficient model

Operating Noise Level: Less than 40dB

Operating Temperature Range: Room 50-105 degrees Fahrenheit, Water 40-90 degrees Fahrenheit

Features: Self-cleaning function, portable with handle, ice scoop holder included

Buyer Guide

Who Should Buy This: Anyone who regularly needs ice at home, in an office, dorm, RV, or for entertaining will appreciate the speed and convenience. It's especially valuable if you host parties, work from home, or simply prefer fresh ice over freezer-made alternatives.

Setup and Maintenance: Fill the water tank with water between 40-90 degrees Fahrenheit. Place the machine on a level surface away from direct sunlight in a room between 50-105 degrees. To activate self-cleaning, press and hold the ON/OFF button for 5 seconds. The machine will automatically shut off when the ice basket is full.

Troubleshooting Tips: If the ice full indicator shows but no ice is visible, hold the ON/OFF button for 5 seconds to reset. If ice cubes stick together, restart the machine or replace the water with the correct temperature. If no ice forms despite normal cycling, check that room and water temperatures are in the proper range.

Best Use Cases: Use small cubes for beverages like coffee, tea, and juice. Use large cubes for whiskey, cocktails, and food preservation. The 26-pound daily capacity handles moderate home use and small gatherings without needing frequent refills.

4
Top Rated

SenCre Nugget Ice Maker 40lbs/Day, Countertop Soft Chewable Ice Machine with Self-Cleaning

SenCre
9.9 /10
AI Score
AI score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the AI tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Exceptional speed: first batch ready in 5 minutes, significantly faster than traditional ice makers
  • High daily capacity of 40 lbs meets demands for families, entertaining, and busy offices
  • Automatic self-cleaning feature saves time and ensures safe, fresh-tasting ice without effort
  • Compact footprint maximizes counter space while maintaining professional appearance
  • Complete starter kit with all accessories eliminates need for separate purchases

Cons

  • 1 L water tank requires frequent refilling for continuous high-volume ice production
  • Nugget ice texture may be too soft for users preferring harder, traditional ice cubes
  • Compact size limits total ice storage capacity in the bin
Detailed Review

The SenCre nugget ice maker is a countertop solution designed for families, offices, and entertainment spaces seeking convenient access to soft, chewable pellet ice. With its 40 lbs daily production capacity and rapid 5-minute first batch, this machine eliminates the frustration of waiting hours for ice while keeping your beverages perfectly chilled and refreshing.

Performance and functionality stand out as primary strengths. The high-efficiency compressor delivers consistent nugget ice production, while the one-touch self-cleaning feature removes the burden of manual maintenance. Users appreciate the soft, elastic texture of the ice, which enhances beverage enjoyment without the hardness of traditional cubes. The complete accessory package, including ice basket, scoop, and drain hose, provides everything needed for immediate use.

Design and build quality reflect practical engineering. The compact dimensions of 7.28 x 13.0 x 12.68 inches fit naturally into various kitchen and office environments without consuming excessive counter space. The stainless steel finish adds visual appeal while the water outlet design promotes efficient drainage and leak prevention.

One consideration is the 1 L water tank, which requires regular refilling during high-volume use. Additionally, the soft nugget ice format may not suit users who prefer harder, traditional ice cubes. The ice storage capacity is limited by the compact design, though the 40 lbs daily production compensates for most household needs.

Overall, the SenCre nugget ice maker delivers reliable performance, convenient operation, and quality nugget ice in a space-efficient package. It represents excellent value for households and offices prioritizing convenience, hygiene, and the superior taste experience that chewable pellet ice provides.

Specifications

Dimensions: 7.28 inches (W) x 13.0 inches (D) x 12.68 inches (H)

Daily Ice Production: Up to 40 lbs per day

First Batch Time: 5 minutes

Water Tank Capacity: 1 L

Ice Type: Soft chewable nugget (pellet) ice

Special Features: One-touch self-cleaning, automatic compressor, water outlet design, leak-free drainage

Included Accessories: 2-pound ice basket, ice scoop, drip tray, drain hose

Finish: Stainless steel silver

Ideal For: Home kitchens, offices, bars, entertainment spaces

Buyer Guide

Who Should Buy This Ice Maker? The SenCre nugget ice maker suits families who enjoy soft, chewable ice, office environments needing reliable ice supply, entertainment enthusiasts hosting gatherings, and anyone frustrated with traditional ice cube makers. It works best for users who value convenience, hygiene, and consistent ice availability.

Key Considerations Before Purchasing: Verify your countertop has adequate space for the 7.28 x 13.0 inch footprint. Confirm your water source proximity for easy tank refilling. Consider whether nugget ice aligns with your beverage preferences compared to traditional hard ice. Assess your daily ice consumption against the 40 lbs capacity and 1 L tank size.

Setup and Maintenance: Installation requires minimal effort with straightforward one-touch operation. The self-cleaning function activates via button press, eliminating complex maintenance routines. Regular water tank refilling ensures uninterrupted operation. The included drain hose simplifies water disposal and prevents counter damage.

Performance Expectations: Expect your first batch of fresh ice within 5 minutes of operation. Daily production reaches 40 lbs under normal conditions, suitable for most household and office needs. Ice texture remains consistently soft and chewable, enhancing beverage enjoyment throughout the day.

5

Silonn Nugget Ice Maker Countertop, 36lbs/24H Pellet Ice Machine with Self-Cleaning

Silonn
9.6 /10
AI Score
AI score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the AI tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Exceptionally fast ice production, first batch ready in just 6 minutes compared to typical 20-minute wait times
  • Automatic self-cleaning function reduces maintenance burden and ensures sanitary ice production
  • Compact, portable design makes it suitable for multiple locations without taking up excessive counter space
  • Chewable nugget ice texture offers superior mouthfeel compared to standard ice cubes
  • Intuitive one-touch controls with clear status indicators eliminate learning curve

Cons

  • 1-liter water tank requires frequent refilling for extended use or larger gatherings
  • 1.76-lbs ice basket capacity means regular emptying during heavy ice consumption
  • No timed function limits scheduling flexibility for those wanting automated ice production at specific times
Detailed Review

The Silonn Nugget Ice Maker is a countertop ice machine designed for home, office, and entertainment use. It's engineered for anyone who loves chewable pellet ice and wants convenient, on-demand production without waiting 20+ minutes for the first batch. This machine is particularly appealing to households of 4-6 people or small offices seeking reliable daily ice supply.

The standout feature is its lightning-fast 6-minute first-batch capability, producing up to 36 lbs of chewable nugget ice daily. The automatic self-cleaning cycle is a major convenience factor, eliminating tedious manual maintenance while ensuring hygienic ice production. One-touch operation with color-coded status lights makes the machine incredibly user-friendly, and the chewable nugget texture offers superior mouthfeel compared to standard ice cubes, making drinks more enjoyable.

Design-wise, this machine measures just 11.3 by 8.66 by 12.68 inches, making it genuinely portable and suitable for countertops without dominating space. The removable cover provides easy access for deep cleaning, and the compact footprint doesn't sacrifice functionality. Build quality appears solid based on customer feedback, with the machine handling daily use reliably.

The main drawbacks are the 1-liter water tank and 1.76-lbs ice basket capacity, both requiring frequent refilling during extended use or parties. Additionally, the lack of a timed function means you cannot schedule ice production for specific times. These limitations are minor for typical household use but may frustrate power users.

Overall, the Silonn Nugget Ice Maker delivers excellent value for those seeking fast, convenient nugget ice production. Its combination of speed, automatic cleaning, intuitive controls, and compact design makes it a solid choice for home and office environments. Highly recommended for nugget ice enthusiasts willing to refill water occasionally.

Specifications

Dimensions: 11.3 inches W x 8.66 inches D x 12.68 inches H

Daily Ice Production: 36 lbs per 24 hours

Time to First Ice: 6 minutes

Water Tank Capacity: 1 liter

Ice Basket Capacity: 1.76 lbs

Ice Type: Chewable nugget ice (compacted and layered ice flakes)

Self-Cleaning: Yes, automatic cycle activated by holding ICE/CLEAN button for 5 seconds

Control Type: One-touch operation with front-panel indicator lights

Recommended Users: 4-6 people

Brand: Silonn

Buyer Guide

Is this right for you? Choose the Silonn Nugget Ice Maker if you regularly consume nugget ice, want fast production without long waits, and have limited counter space. It's perfect for households, small offices, and frequent entertainers who value convenience and automatic maintenance.

Consider alternatives if: You need production exceeding 36 lbs daily, require a larger water tank for unattended operation, or want timed/scheduled ice production. Larger capacity models exist for high-volume needs.

Setup and Maintenance: The machine requires only a water source and electrical outlet. Simply fill the water tank, plug in, and press the button. The automatic self-cleaning cycle handles sanitization with minimal user intervention. Periodically empty the ice basket and refill the water tank as needed.

Best Uses: Daily home ice supply, office break rooms, entertaining guests, smoothie bars, cocktail preparation, and anywhere you want convenient chewable ice without frequent store purchases.

What to Consider When Buying a Portable Ice Maker

Ice Production Speed and Daily Capacity

The best portable ice makers deliver your first batch within 6 to 12 minutes, with daily production ranging from 26 to 40 pounds. If you entertain frequently or have a large household, aim for machines producing at least 26 pounds per day. Smaller households may find 26-pound daily output sufficient, while high-demand scenarios benefit from 36 to 40-pound capacity models.

Consider your ice basket size as well. Most portable machines hold 1.3 to 2 pounds of finished ice, meaning you’ll need to empty the basket periodically during heavy use. A larger basket reduces interruptions during parties or events.

Ice Type and Texture Preferences

Portable ice makers produce two primary ice styles: nugget (chewable, pellet-style) or bullet-shaped cubes. Nugget ice is soft and compacted, ideal for smoothies and sodas where you enjoy chewing. Bullet ice is denser, slower-melting, and better for cocktails and beverages where you want prolonged chilling without rapid dilution.

Some machines offer dual-size options, letting you select between small and large cubes depending on your drink. This flexibility appeals to households with varying preferences or those who switch between different beverage types throughout the day.

Portability, Noise Level, and Maintenance

True portability means a sturdy handle, compact footprint, and lightweight construction. Machines weighing under 14 pounds with dimensions around 8 to 9 inches wide fit easily into RVs, boats, dorm rooms, or office corners. Look for models operating below 45 decibels so ice production doesn’t disrupt your environment or conversations.

Self-cleaning functions save significant time and effort. Most quality portable ice makers include automatic cleaning cycles activated by a button press, removing mineral buildup and ensuring hygienic ice. Models with removable covers simplify manual deep cleaning when needed. Check our best products guide for additional kitchen appliance recommendations that complement your ice maker setup.

Water Tank Capacity and Energy Efficiency

Water tank capacity typically ranges from 1.2 to 1.3 liters. Larger tanks mean fewer refills during extended use, though they add minimal weight or bulk. Pay attention to energy consumption ratings, as efficient compressors reduce electricity costs over time without sacrificing performance or ice quality.

Machines with upgraded compressors and modern refrigeration technology deliver faster freeze times while using less power. This balance ensures you get premium ice production without watching your utility bills climb, making efficient models excellent long-term investments for frequent users.

Final Thoughts

Portable ice makers have evolved far beyond basic utility machines, now offering sophisticated features like self-cleaning cycles, dual ice sizes, and whisper-quiet operation. The Silonn Nugget Ice Maker stands out for those craving soft, chewable ice with impressive daily output, while the EUHOMY Ice Maker excels for travelers and outdoor enthusiasts who prioritize portability and quiet performance. Whichever model you choose, you’ll enjoy the convenience of fresh, quality ice whenever and wherever you need it.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does it take a portable ice maker to produce its first batch?
Most quality portable ice makers deliver your first batch within 6 to 12 minutes. Machines with powerful compressors and efficient cooling systems lean toward the faster end of this range, while older or budget models may take longer. The exact time varies based on water temperature and ambient room conditions.

Can I use filtered or bottled water in my portable ice maker?
Yes, filtered or bottled water is actually recommended to reduce mineral buildup and extend machine lifespan. Tap water works fine but may leave deposits over time. Using purified water also produces clearer, better-tasting ice with fewer impurities affecting flavor or appearance.

Are portable ice makers energy efficient?
Modern portable ice makers are surprisingly efficient, consuming between 3 to 5 kilowatt-hours per day depending on production level and ambient temperature. This translates to minimal monthly electricity costs. Look for machines with upgraded compressors and R600a refrigerant for optimal energy performance. Check your kitchen appliances section for additional efficiency-focused recommendations in 2026.

What’s the difference between nugget ice and bullet ice?
Nugget ice consists of compacted, layered ice flakes that are soft and chewable, perfect for smoothies and sodas. Bullet ice forms solid, denser cubes that melt slowly, making them ideal for cocktails and beverages where prolonged chilling matters. Some portable machines offer both options, letting you choose based on your drink preference.